SYLLABUS - Ohio State University - "African Social Movements in the Age of Globalization" more

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences, Arts and Humanities Division Department of African-American and African Studies SPRING QUARTER 2011 AFRICAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION (African-American & African Studies – AAAS 765) COURSE SYLLABUS Professor: Franco Barchiesi Office: 486-D University Hall Tel.: (614) 292-0498 E-mail: barchiesi.1@osu.edu Office Hours: Tuesday: 12:00-1:15; Wednesday: 12:00-1:15, or by appointment Class Days, Time and Venue: Wednesday, 1:30pm – 4:18pm, Central Classroom Building 0318 Credits: 5 OVERVIEW The aim of the course is to provide a graduate level discussion and analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa’s social movements in the context of globalization and the crisis of post-colonial authoritarianism, from the late 1970s to the early 21st century. During this period, African societies have seen important transformations. Economic crises and growing foreign debt led to the adoption of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) sponsored by international financial institutions. SAPs heralded the socio-economic policies of neoliberal globalization as they eroded the role of governments in social welfare and economic development policies. Finally, authoritarian one-party states, in existence since the end of colonialism, entered a profound crisis that ushered in processes of democratization that remained, however, fluid, uneven, and unstable. Social movements have played a major role in such developments, both as opponents of state authoritarianism and of the fiscal austerity imposed by the SAPs, and as actors demanding socio-economic justice and political democracy. They opened therefore new spaces of political contestation across civil society. In the period under examination, African civil societies have in fact confronted serious challenges (such as deepening ethnic and religious conflicts and, in some cases, the collapse of the postcolonial nation-state,) and complex emergencies (refugee crises, environmental degradation, the privatization of water and energy, and the HIV-AIDS epidemics) that provided social movements with new terrains of engagement. African social movements are also, however, complex and sometimes contradictory realities. To respond to economic change and the decline of state power, they have often used not only democratic politics, but also exclusionary identities and authoritarian modes of organizing. Therefore, African social movements’ democratic potential uneasily coexists with the permanence of unaccountable leaderships, ethnic divisions, and gender inequalities. The international literature on social movements remains largely focused on industrialized – especially Western – societies, and tends to neglect the African reality. This course will address such shortcomings by providing a complex, multi-faceted account of African social movement politics as rooted in its historical and geographical specificities. Understanding the multiplicity of social locales where African social movement politics unfolds is of decisive importance, and defies a definition of African social movements as a homogenous, allencompassing concept. Therefore, we will discuss not only the organizational dynamics of movements, but also their links with diverse collective identities, forms of agency, and social practices aiming to achieve political or social goals. 1 The course is organized thematically. After an introduction to the general features and problems of the period under examination, weekly topics will deal with different kinds of movements such as pro-democracy movements, labor movements, women’s movements, agrarian movements, youth and student movements. By the end of the course the student will be able to provide a conceptual definition and theoretical discussion of African social movement politics based on the ability to empirically compare and contrast different kinds of movements in various African cases. The student will also be able to categorize forms and modalities of social movement politics across different countries. The student will, finally, be able to situate African social movements in relation to other concepts, like civil society, democracy, and globalization, which are essential to understand political development and socioeconomic change in contemporary Africa. REQUIRED WORK The course will take place in the form of weekly seminars structured around discussions of students’ written work and topics introduced by the instructor. Students are required to write: a) Weekly two-page response papers on the assigned readings. The paper for the FIRST weekly seminar (March 30) should be submitted together with the paper for the SECOND week, on APRIL 6. All subsequent weekly papers MUST be submitted at the weekly seminar in which the related topic is discussed. The third weekly paper is therefore due on April 13, and so on. b) A five-page book review on a publication decided in consultation with the instructor. Book reviews will be due on Friday, May 13 at 4pm, and must be submitted at Dr. Barchiesi’s office, 486-D University Hall. Late work will be accepted no later than May 18 at 4pm, and will be penalized by 50% of this component for the final grade. Under no circumstance book reviews submitted after May 18 will be accepted for grading. c) A final, 3,000 words essay on a topic also chosen in consultation with the instructor. Final essays will be due by FRIDAY, JUNE 3 at 4pm, and must be submitted at Dr. Barchiesi’s office, 486-D University Hall. Late work will be accepted no later than June 6 at 4pm, and will be penalized by 50% of this component for the final grade. Under no circumstance final essays submitted after June 6 will be accepted for grading. Written assignments will be graded with a percentage score (0 to 100) and its corresponding letter grade. A grade scale with the criteria that will be used to evaluate students’ assignments is attached at the end of this course syllabus. Attendance of classes and punctuality are mandatory for this course. Students must sign in the attendance register when it is handed out. In order to avoid being recorded as absent, students are expected to be present at the beginning of each class and not to leave the class before its conclusion, except with the permission of the instructor. Every absence from the lectures will result in the loss of 5% of the final grade. Absences will not be considered for the purpose of evaluation only in exceptional circumstances that must be supported by adequate written documentation (e.g. medical notes or other urgent reasons requiring the student to be absent from class). 2 EVALUATION CRITERIA Students’ performance will be graded according to the following components: a) Weekly Response Papers: 20% b) Book Review: 20% c) Participation in Class Discussion: 20% d) Final Long Essay: 40% UNIVERSITY POLICIES Student Conduct It is the responsibility of the Committee on Academic Misconduct (COAM) to investigate or establish procedures for the investigation of all reported cases of student academic misconduct. The term “academic misconduct” includes all forms of unethical practices on the part of the student wherever committed including, but not limited to, plagiarism, cheating, unauthorized copying or collaboration, forging signatures on class rosters, and dishonest practices in connection with examinations. Instructors shall report all instances of academic misconduct to COAM. Students found in violation of the Code of Student Conduct may receive a failing course grade and are subject to disciplinary probation, suspension, or expulsion from the Ohio State University (Faculty Rule 33356-5-487). For additional information, see the Code of Student Conduct (http://studentaffairs.osu.edu/info_for_students/csc.asp). The Department is particularly committed to discourage plagiarism: As defined by University Rule 3335-31-02, plagiarism is “the representation of another’s works or ideas as one’s own; it includes the unacknowledged word for word use and/or paraphrasing of another person’s work, and/or the inappropriate unacknowledged use of another person’s ideas.” Plagiarism is one of the most serious offenses that can be committed in an academic community. Students must always cite their sources. In this course, students’ essays containing parts or ideas copied or paraphrased from unacknowledged sources will receive a failing grade, and may be referred to the Committee on Academic Misconduct for appropriate disciplinary action, ranging from failing the class to suspension or expulsion from the university. If you are in doubt about this matter, you are welcome to contact the instructor, who will provide further information. Disability Services Students with disabilities that have been certified by the Office of Disability Services will be appropriately accommodated, and should inform the instructor as soon as possible of their needs. The Office of Disability Services is located in 150 Pomerene Hall, 1760 Neil Avenue, telephone 292-3307 (http://www.ods.ohiostate.edu). 3 Writing Center If you believe the quality of your writing needs to be improved, the Writing Center of the College of Humanities offers free help to students at any stage of the writing process for their course papers. It is possible to schedule tutorials for this purpose. More information can be found on the Writing Center’s webpage (http://cstw.osu.edu/writingCenter). The Writing Center is located in 485 Mendenhall Laboratory, 125 South Oval Mall (telephone 688-5865). ONLINE Availability of Course Materials This course syllabus will be available on Carmen (carmen.osu.edu), OSU’s online course management system, where the instructor may also post news and materials (notes, newspaper articles, maps, audio and video files, and so on) relevant to the course. It is therefore recommended that you regularly check this course’s webpage on Carmen. If you have questions on how to use Carmen you can address them to the instructor. It is, finally, HIGHLY recommended that you make sure you have free space on your e-mail box, and that you check your e-mail regularly, as you might be contacted with information relevant to the course. TOPICS AND READINGS All required readings will be made available in a Course Pack at the beginning of the course. For each topic a list of recommended readings is included. While not required and not included in the Course Pack, such readings are suggested for students’ use in preparation of their written work. The following general texts are not required, but they are nonetheless highly recommended for students who need to strengthen their historical and political background on the period under consideration: - Thomson, A., An Introduction to African Politics, Third Edition. London, Routledge, 2010. Deegan, H., Africa Today. Culture, Economics, Religion, Security. New York, Routledge, 2009. NOTE: REQUIRED readings are listed in the recommended order in which they should be read Week 1 (March 30) – “Theoretical Introduction: Social Movements and Subaltern Politics in the Postcolonial World” REQUIRED Readings Tarrow, S. (1992), “Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames: Constructing Meanings through Action”, in A.D. Morris, C.M. Muller (eds.), Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Pess): 174-202. Ellis, S. and I. van Kessel (2009), “Introduction: African Social Movements or Social Movements in Africa?” in Movers and Shakers. Social Movements in Africa (Leiden: Brill): 1-16. Bayat, A. (2000), “From ‘Dangerous Classes’ to ‘Quiet Rebels’: Politics of the Urban Subaltern in the Global South”, International Sociology 15 (3): 533-557. 4 Scott, J.C. (2005), “The Infrapolitics of Subordinate Groups”, in L. Amoore (ed.), The Global Resistance Reader (London: Routledge): 65-73. Chatterjee, P. (2004), The Politics of the Governed. Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York: Columbia University Press): 53-80. Young, R. (2002), Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell): 337-359 (Chapter 24). RECOMMENDED Readings Escobar, A. (2004), “Beyond the Third World: Imperial Globality, Global Coloniality and AntiGlobalisation Social Movements”, Third World Quarterly 25 (1): 207-230. Evans, P. (2007) [2005], “Counterhegemonic Globalization: Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Political Economy”, in J. Timmons Roberts, A.B. Hite (eds.), The Globalization and Development Reader. Perspectives on Development and Social Change (Oxford: Blackwell): 420-442. Frederickson. G.M. (2000), The Comparative Imagination. On the History of Racism, Nationalism, and Social Movements (Berkeley: University of California Press): 173-212. O’Brien, R., A.M. Goetz, J.A. Scholte and M. Williams (2000), Contesting Global Governance. Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 159-205. O’Hanlon, R. (2000), “Recovering the Subject: Subaltern Studies and Histories of Resistance in Colonial South Asia”, in Chaturvedi, V. (ed.), Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial (New York: Verso): 72-115. Pieterse, J.N. (2001), “Globalization and Collective Action”, in P. Hamel, H. Lustiger-Thaler, J.N. Pieterse, S. Roseneil (eds.), Globalization and Social Movements (New York: Palgrave): 2140. Walton, J. (1998), “Urban Conflict and Social Movements in Poor Countries: Theory and Evidence of Collective Action”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 22: 460481. Week 2 (April 6) – “African Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Globalization” REQUIRED Readings Ferguson, J. (2006), “Globalizing Africa? Observations from an Inconvenient Continent”, in Global Shadows. Africa in the Neoliberal World Order (Durham, NC: Duke University Press): 25-49. Mamdani, M. (1996), Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press): 3-34. Harrison, G. (2010), Neoliberal Africa: The Impact of Global Social Engineering (London: Zed Books). Chapter 2 (“Neoliberalism in Africa: A Failed Ideology”): 36-60. 5 Lumumba-Kasongo, T. (2005), “The Problematics of Liberal Democracy and Democratic Process: Lessons for Deconstructing and Building African Democracies”, in Liberal Democracy and Its Critics in Africa: Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress (London: Zed Books): 1-25. Ndjio, B. (2008), “Millennial Democracy and Spectral Reality in Post-Colonial Africa”, African Journal of International Affairs 11 (2): 115-156. Williams, D. (2010), “Making a Liberal State: ‘Good Governance’ in Ghana”, Review of African Political Economy 126: 403-419. RECOMMENDED Readings Boafo-Arthur, K. (1999), “Ghana: Structural Adjustment, Democratisation and the Politics of Continuity”, African Studies Review 42 (2): 41-72. Bond, P. (2006), Looting Africa. The Economics of Exploitation (London: Zed Books): Chapter 4 and 5. Bratton, M. and N. van de Walle (1997), Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 97-127 (Chapter 3) Harsch, E. (1993), “Structural Adjustment and Africa’s Democracy Movements”, Africa Today 40 (4): 7-30. Heilbrunn, J.R. (1993), “Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo”, Journal of Modern African Studies 31 (2): 277-299. Nyinguro, P.O. and E.E. Otenyo (2007), “Social Movements and Democratic Transitions in Kenya”, Journal of Asian and African Studies 42 (1): 5-24. Olukoshi, A. (1998), “Economic Crisis, Multipartyism, and Opposition Politics in Contemporary Africa”, in Olukoshi A. (ed.), The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers), pp.8-38. Zuern, E. (2009), “Democratization as Liberation: Competing African Perspectives on Democracy”, Democratization 16 (3): 585-603. Week 3 (April 13) – “African Social Movements, Civil Society, and the Politics of Resistance” REQUIRED Readings Fanon, F. (2005), The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press), Chapter 2 (“Spontaneity: Its Strength and Weakness”). Markovitz, L. (2002), “Civil Society, Pluralism, Goldilocks, and Other Fairy Tales in Africa”, in G. Bond and N. Gibson (eds.), Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories. Contemporary Africa in Focus (Boulder, CO: Westview): 117-145. Walton, J. and D. Seddon (1994), Free Markets and Food Riots. The Politics of Global Adjustment (Oxford: Blackwell), Chapter 5: “Economic Adjustment and Democratization in Africa”, pp.135-170. 6 Maccatory, B. (2010), “West African Social Movements ‘Against the High Cost of Living’: From the Economic to the Political, from the Global to the National”, Review of African Political Economy 125: 345-359. Simone, A. (1992), “Urban Social Fields in Africa”, Social Text 56: 71-89. Ndjio, B. (2005), “Carrefour de la Joie: Popular Deconstruction of the African Postcolonial Public Sphere”, Africa 75 (3): 265-294. RECOMMENDED Readings Ballard, R., A. Habib, I. Valodia and E. Zuern (2005), “Globalization, Marginalization and Contemporary Social Movements in South Africa”, African Affairs 417: 615-634. Dansereau, S. (2003), “Liberation and Opposition in Zimbabwe”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 21 (2): 173-191. Fall, A.S. (2005), “Alterglobalization: Which Alterities? Multidimensional Governance and the Transformation of Relations between the State and Citizen Movements in Central and Western Africa”, Anthropologie et sociétés 29 (3): 123-139. Ihonvbere, J. (1995), “From Movement to Government: The Movement for Multi-Party Democracy and the Crisis of Democratic Consolidation in Zambia”, Canadian Journal of African Studies 29 (1): 1-25. Ikelegbe, A. (2001), “The Perverse Manifestation of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria”, Journal of Modern African Studies 39 (1): 1-24. Kasfir, N. (1998), “Civil Society, the State and Democracy in Africa”, in Kasfir, N. (ed.), Civil Society and Democracy in Africa (Portland, OR: Frank Cass). Kassimir, R. (2002), “Producing Local Politics: Governance, Representation and Non-State Organizations in Africa”, in Callaghy, T., R. Kassimir and R. Latha, (eds.) Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa. Global-Local Networks of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp.93-114. MacGaffey, J. (1996), “Civil Society in Zaire: Hidden Resistance and the Use of Personal Ties in Class Struggle”, in Harbeson, J., N. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), pp.169-190. Makumbe, J. (1998), “Is there a Civil Society in Africa?”, International Affairs 75 (2): 305-317. Mamdani, M. and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds. (1994), African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA). Monga, C. (1995), “Civil Society and Democratisation in Francophone Africa”, Journal of Modern African Studies 33 (3): 359-381. Nyang’oro, J.E. (2001), “Civil Society and Democratic Development in Eastern and Southern Africa”, Contributions in Economics and Economic History 219: 89-100. 7 Patterson, A.S. (1998), “A Reappraisal of Democracy in Civil Society: Evidence from Rural Senegal”, Journal of Modern African Studies 36 (3): 423-441. Sall, E. (2004), “Social Movements and the Renegotiation of the Bases for Citizenship in West Africa”, Current Sociology 52 (4): 595-614. Seddon, D. and L. Zeilig (2005), “Class and Protest in Africa: New Waves”, Review of African Political Economy 103: 9-27. Week 4 (April 20) – “Nation-States, Ethnic Movements, and the Politics of Citizenship” REQUIRED Readings Comaroff, J.L. and J. Comaroff (2009), Ethnicity, Inc. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), Chapter 3 (“Questions of Theory”): 22-59. Geschiere, P. (2009), The Perils of Belonging. Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), Chapter 2 (“Cameroon: Autochthony, Democratization, and New Struggles Over Citizenship”): 39-65. Watts, M. (2007), “Petro-Insurgency or Criminal Syndicate? Conflict and Violence in the Niger Delta”, Review of African Political Economy 114: 637-660. Lynch, G. (2006), “Negotiating Ethnicity. Identity Politics in Contemporary Kenya”, Review of African Political Economy 107: 49-65. Baegas, R. and R. Marshall-Fratani (2007), “Cote d’Ivoire: Negotiating Identity and Citizenship”, in M. Boas, K.C. Dunn (eds.), African Guerrillas. Raging against the Machine (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner): 81-111. Branch, A. (2010), “Exploring the Roots of LRA Violence: Political Crisis and Ethnic Politics in Acholiland”, in The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth and Reality (London: Zed Books): 25-44. RECOMMENDED Readings Adejumobi, S. (2001), “Citizenship, Rights, and the Problem of Conflicts and Civil Wars in Africa”, Human Rights Quarterly 23: 148-170. Apollos, M. (2001), “Ethnicity, Violence and Democracy”, Africa Development 26 (1&2): 99144. Badmus, I.A. (2006), “Ethnic Militia Movements and the Crisis of Political Order in PostMilitary Nigeria”, Journal of Social Sciences 13 (3): 191-198. Berman, B.J. (1998), “Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism”, African Affairs 388: 305-341. Osaghae, E. (2008), “Social Movements and Rights Claims: The Case of Action Groups in the Niger Delta of Nigeria”, Voluntas 19 (2): 189-210. Gebrewold, B. (2005), “Civil Militias and the Militarisation of Society in the Horn of Africa”, in Francis D. (ed.), Civil Militias: Africa’s Intractable Security Menace? (Burlington, VT: Ashgate), pp.187-211. 8 Hellweg, J. (2004), “Encompassing the State: Sacrifice and Security in the Hunters’ Movement of Côte d’Ivoire”, Africa Today 50 (4): 3-28. Hutchinson, S.E. and J.M. Jok (2005), “Gendered Violence and the Militarization of Ethnicity: A Case Study from South Sudan”, in Werbner, R. (ed.), Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa (London: Zed Books). Ike Udogu, E. (1999), “The Issue of Ethnicity and Democratization in Africa: Toward the Millennium”, Journal of Black Studies 29 (6): 790-808. Kadouf, H.A. (2001), “Marginalisation and Resistance: The Plight of the Nuba People”, New Political Science 23 (1): 45-63. Konings, P. and F. Nyamnjoh (1997), “The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon”, Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (2): 207-229. Osaghae, E.E. (1995), “The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State”, African Affairs 376: 325-344. Ukiwo, U. (2007), “From ‘Pirates’ to ‘Militants’: Historical Perspective on Anti-State and AntiOil Company Mobilization among the Ijaw of Warri, Western Niger Delta”, African Affairs 425: 587-610. Van Acker, F. (2005), “Where Did All the Land Go? Enclosure & Social Struggle in Kivu (D.R. Congo)”, Review of African Political Economy, 103: 79-98. Young, C. (2006), “The Heart of the African Conflict Zone: Democratization, Ethnicity, Civil Conflict, and the Great Lakes Crisis”, Annual Review of Political Science: 301-328. Week 5 (April 27) – “Changing Religious Identities and Social Movements” REQUIRED Readings Larkin, B. and B. Meyer (2006), “Pentecostalism, Islam & Culture: New Religious Movements in West Africa”, in Akyeampong, E.K. (ed.), Themes in West Africa’s History (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press): 286-312. Lubeck, P. (1985), “Islamic Protest under Semi-Industrial Capitalism: ‘Yan Tatsine Explained”, International Journal of African Historical Studies 55 (4): 369-389. Simone, A. (1994), In Whose Image? Political Islam and Urban Practices in Sudan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Chapter 4 (“Indigenous Solutions: Islamicization and Postcolonial Identity”): 83-99. Masquelier, A. (2000), “Debating Muslims, Disputed Practices: Struggles for the Realization of an Alternative Moral Order in Niger”, in Comaroff, J. and J. Comaroff (eds), Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspectives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp.219-251. Hasu, P. (2006), “World Bank & Heavenly Bank in Poverty & Prosperity: The Case of Tanzanian Faith Gospel”, Review of African Political Economy 110: 679-692. 9 Pfeiffer, J. (2002) “African Independent Churches in Mozambique: Healing the Afflictions of Inequality”, Medical Anthropology Quarterly 16 (2): 176-199. RECOMMENDED Readings Allen, T. (1991), “Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context”, Africa 61 (3): 370-399. Bayat, A. (2005), “Islamism and Social Movement Theory”, Third World Quarterly 26 (6): 891908. Meagher, K. (2009), “Trading on Faith: Religious Movements and Informal Economic Governance in Nigeria”, Journal of Modern African Studies 47 (3): 397-423. Ellis, S. and G. ter Haar (2004), Worlds of Power. Religious Thought and Political Practices in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press), pp.177-196 (Chapter 9). Gifford, P. (2004), Ghana’s New Christianity. Pentecostalism in a Globalizing African Economy (London: Hurst), Chapter 3 (pp.44-82). Love, R. (2006), “Religion, Ideology & Conflict in Africa”, Review of African Political Economy 110: 619-634. Marshall-Fratani, R. (1998), “Mediating the Global and Local in Nigerian Pentecostalism”, Journal of Religion in Africa 28 (3): 278-315. Meyer, B. (2004), “Christianity in Africa: From African-Independent to Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches”, Annual Review of Anthropology: 447-474. Mu’azzam, I. and J. Ibrahim (2000), “Religious Identities in the Context of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria”, in Jega, A. (ed.), Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute), pp.41-61. Kane, O. (2008), “Islamism: What is New, What is Not? Lessons from West Africa”, African Journal of International Affairs 11 (2): 157-187. Van Dijk, R. and P. Pels (2005), “Contested Authorities and Politics of Perception: Deconstructing the Study of Religion in Africa”, in Werbner, R. and T. Ranger, Postcolonial Identities in Africa (London: Zed Books). WEEK 6 (May 4) – “Land Conflicts and Struggles: Rural Social Movements and Indigenous Mobilizations” REQUIRED Readings Mafeje, A. (2003), The Agrarian Question, Access to Land, and Peasants’ Responses in SubSaharan Africa, Working Paper (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development). Bernstein, H. (2005), “Rural Land and Land Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa”, in Moyo, S. and P.Yeros, Reclaiming the Land. The Resurgence of Rural Movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America (London: Zed Books): 67-101. 10 Berry, S. (2009), “Property, Authority and Citizenship: Land Claims, Politics and the Dynamics of Social Division in West Africa”, Development and Change 40 (1): 23-45. Igoe, J. (2006), “Becoming Indigenous Peoples: Difference, Inequality, and the Globalization of East African Identity Politics”, African Affairs 420: 399-420. Mngxitama, A. (2005), “National Land Committee, 1994-2004: A Critical Insider’s Perspective”, in Gibson, N. (ed.), Challenging Hegemony. Social Movements and the Quest for a New Humanism in South Africa (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press). Moyo, S. and P. Yeros (2007), “The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe’s Interrupted Revolution”, Review of African Political Economy 111: 103-121. RECOMMENDED Readings Amanor, K.S. (2005), “Night Harvesters, Forest Hoods and Saboteurs: Struggles over Land Expropriation in Ghana”, in Moyo, S. and P.Yeros, Reclaiming the Land. The Resurgence of Rural Movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America (London: Zed Books): 102-117. Hrabanski, M. (2010), “Internal Dynamics, the State, and Recourse to External Aid: Towards a Historical Sociology of the Peasant Movement in Senegal since the 1960s”, Review of African Political Economy 125: 281-297. Isaacman, A. (1990), “Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa”, African Studies Review 33 (2). Kantai, P. (2007), “In the Grip of the Vampire State: Maasai Land Struggles in Kenyan Politics”, Journal of Eastern African Studies 1 (1): 107-122. Kuper, A. (2003), “The Return of the Native”, Current Anthropology 44 (3): 389-402. Lee, R.B. (2003), “Indigenous Rights and the Politics of Identity in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa”, in Dean, B., J. Levi, and W. LaDuke (eds.), At the Risk of Being Heard. Identity, Indigenous Rights, and Postcolonial States (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press), pp.80-111. Mamdani, M. (1996), Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press), Chapter 6: “The Other Face of Tribalism: Peasant Movements in Equatorial Africa”, pp.183-217. Mustapha, A.R. (1998), “When Will Independence End? Democratization and Civil Society in Rural Africa”, in Rudebeck, L., O. Tornquist, and V. Rojas (eds.), Democratization in the Third World. Concrete Cases in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective (New York: St.Martin’s Press), pp.222-234. Sylvain, R. (2004), “Land, Water, and Truth: San Identity and Global Indigenism”, in Nash, J. (ed.), Social Movements. An Anthropological Reader (Oxford: Blackwell), pp.216-234. WEEK 7 (May 11) – “Gender, Women’s Movements, and African Feminisms” REQUIRED Readings 11 Mohanty, C.T. (2003), Feminism without Borders. Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press). Chapter on “Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism”, pp.43-84. Andrade, S.Z. (2007), “Rioting Women and Writing Women: Gender, Class, and the Public Sphere in Africa”, in C.M. Cole, T. Manuh, and S.F. Miescher (eds.), Africa after Gender? (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press): 85-107. Alidou, O. (2005), Engaging Modernity. Muslim Women and the Politics of Agency in Postcolonial Niger (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press), Chapter 5 and 6. Turner, T.E. and L.S. Brownhill (2001), “’Women Never Surrendered’: The Mau Mau and Globalization from Below in Kenya 1980-2000”, in V. Bennholdt-Thomsen, N. Faraclas, and C. von Werlhof (eds.), There is an Alternative. Subsistence and Worldwide Resistance to Corporate Globalization (London: Zed Books): 106-132. Fonchingong, C.C., Yenshu Vubo, E., and Ufon Beseng, M. (2008), “Traditions of Women’s Social Protest Movements and Collective Mobilisation: Lessons from Aghem and Kedjom Women”, in Civil Society and the Search for Development Alternatives in Cameroon, edited by E. Yenshu Vubo (Dakar: CODESRIA): 125-141. Tripp, A.M. (2003), “Women in Movement: Transformations in African Political Landscapes”, International Feminist Journal of Politics 5 (2): 233-255. RECOMMENDED Readings Berhane-Selassie, T. (1997), “Ethiopian Rural Women and the State”, in Mikell, G. (ed.), African Feminism. The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), pp.182-205. Day, L.R. (2008), “’Bottom Power’: Theorizing Feminism and the Women’s Movement in Sierra Leone (1981-2007)”, African and Asian Studies 7 (4): 491-513. Drew, A. (1995), “Female Consciousness and Feminism in Africa”, Theory & Society 24 (1): 133. El Bakri, Z.B. (1995), “The Crisis in the Sudanese Women’s Movement”, in Wieringa, S. (ed.), Subversive Women. Women’s Movements in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean (London: Zed Books), pp.199-212. Fallon, K. (2008), Democracy and the Rise of Women’s Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), esp. Chapter 5 and 6. Gruenbaum, E. (2005), “Feminist Activism for the Abolition of FGC in Sudan”, Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 1 (2): 89-111. Hassim, S. (2005) “Voices, Hierarchies and Spaces: Reconfiguring the Women’s Movement in Democratic South Africa”, Politikon 32 (2): 175-193. Ikelegbe, A. (2005), “Engendering Civil Society: Oil, Women Groups and Resource Conflicts in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria”, Journal of Modern African Studies 43 (2): 241-270. 12 McFadden, P. (2005), “Becoming Postcolonial. African Women Changing the Meaning of Citizenship”, Meridians. Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 6 (1): 1-22. Schlyter, A. (1998), “Township Organization, Democracy and Women’s Rights in Zambia”, in Rudebeck, L., O. Tornquist and V. Rojas (eds.), Democratization in the Third World. Concrete Cases in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective (New York: St.Martin’s Press), pp. 258-285. Tripp, M.A. (1998), “Gender, Political Participation, and the Transformation of Associational Life in Uganda and Tanzania”, in Lewis, P. (ed.), Africa. Dilemmas of Development and Change (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), pp.232-258. Tripp, M.A. (2001), “Women and Democracy: The New Political Activism in Africa”, Journal of Democracy 12 (3): 141-155. Turner, T. and L. Brownhill (2004), “’We Want Our Land Back’: Gendered Class Analysis, the Second Contradiction of Capitalism, and Social Movement Theory”, Capitalism, Nature & Socialism 15 (4): 21-40. Udvardy, M.L. (1998), “Theorizing Past and Present Women’s Organizations in Kenya”, World Development 26 (9): 1749-1761. WEEK 8 (May 18) – “African Labor Movements between Workplace and Society” REQUIRED Readings Barchiesi, F. (2002), “Beyond the State and Civil Society. Labor Movements and Economic Adjustment in African Transitions: South Africa and Nigeria Compared”, in Bond, G.C. and N. Gibson (eds.), Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories. Contemporary Africa in Focus (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), pp.145-172. Dibben, P. (2004), “Social Movement Unionism”, in Harcourt, M. and G. Wood (eds.), Trade Unions and Democracy. Strategies and Perspectives (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp.280-302. Lindell, I. (2010), “Introduction: The Changing Politics of Informality. Collective Organizing, Alliances and Scales of Engagement”, in Africa’s Informal Workers: Collective Agency, Alliances and Transnational Organizing in Urban Africa, edited by I. Lindell (London: Zed Books): 1-30. Konings, P. (2003), “Organised Labour and Neo-Liberal Economic and Political Reforms in West and Central Africa”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 21 (3): 447-471. Larmer, M. (2006), “’The Hour Has Come at the Pit’: The Mineworkers’ Union of Zambia and the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, 1982-1991”, Journal of Southern African Studies 32 (2): 293-312. Matombo, L. and L.M. Sachikonye (2010), “The Labour Movement and Democratisation in Zimbabwe”, in Trade Unions and Party Politics. Labour Movements in Africa, edited by B. Beckman, S. Buhlungu, and L. Sachikonye (Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council): 109-130. 13 RECOMMENDED Readings Adesina, J. (2002), “Adjustment and the Transformation of Labour Identity: What’s New and Does it Matter?”, in Jega, A. (ed.), Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute), pp.134-160. Alexander, P. (2000), “Zimbabwean Workers, the MDC and the 2000 Election”, Review of African Political Economy 85: 385-406. Cohen, R. (1980), “Resistance and Hidden Forms of Consciousness among African Workers”, Review of African Political Economy 19: 8-22. Ihonvbere, J.O. (1997), “Organized Labor and the Struggle for Democracy in Nigeria”, African Studies Review 40 (3): 77-110. Kester, G. and O.O. Sidibe (1997), “Trade Unions and the Process of Democratisation”, in Kester, G. and O.O. Sidibe (eds.), Trade Unions and Sustainable Democracy in Africa (Burlington, VT: Ashgate), pp.19-46. Konings, P. (2000), “Structural Adjustment and Trade Unions in Africa: The Case of Ghaba”, in Fernandez-Jilberto, A. and M. Riethof (eds.), Labour Relations in Development (New York: Routledge), pp.311-336. Kraus, J. (2007), “Trade Unions in Africa’s Democratic Renewal and Transitions: An Introduction”, in J. Kraus (ed.), Trade Unions and the Coming of Democracy in Africa (New York: Palgrave): 1-33. Van Stijn, D. (2000), “The Forces of Globalisation and Labour in Africa: The Case of Mali”, in Fernandez-Jilberto, A. and M. Riethof (eds.), Labour Relations in Development (New York: Routledge), pp.337-352. Von Holdt, K. (2002), “Social Movement Unionism: The Case of South Africa”, Work, Employment & Society 16 (2): 283-304. WEEK 9 (May 25) – “Youth Political Identities, Urban Practices, and Social Movements” REQUIRED Readings O’Brien, D.C. (1996), “A Lost Generation? Youth Identity and State Decay in Africa”, in Werbner, R. and T. Ranger (eds.), Postcolonial Identities in Africa (London: Zed Books): 55-74. Zeilig, L. (2009), “The Student-Intelligentsia in Sub-Saharan Africa: Structural Adjustment, Activism and Transformation”, Review of African Political Economy 119: 63-78. Rashid, I. (1997), “Subaltern Reactions: Lumpen, Students and the Left”, Africa Development 22 (3-4): 19-44. Kagwanja, P.M. (2005), “Clash of Generations? Youth Identity, Violence and the Politics of Transition in Kenya, 1997-2002”, in Abbink, J. and I. van Kessel (eds.), Vanguard or Vandals. Youth, Politics and Conflict in Africa (Leiden: Brill), pp.81-109. 14 Meagher, K. (2007), “Hijacking Civil Society: The Inside Story of the Bakassi Boys Vigilante Group of South-Eastern Nigeria”, Journal of Modern African Studies 45 (1): 89-115. Ntarangwi, M. (2009), East African Hip Hop: Youth Culture and Globalization (Urbana: University of Illinois Press), Chapter 2 (“Hip Hop and African Identity in Contemporary Globalization): 20-43. RECOMMENDED Readings Adebanwi, W. (2005), “The Carpenter’s Revolt: Youth, Violence and the Reinvention of Culture in Nigeria”, Journal of Modern African Studies 43 (3): 339-365. Amutabi, M.N. (2002), "Crisis and Student Protest in Universities in Kenya: Examining the Role of Students in National Leadership and the Democratization Process", African Studies Review 45 (2), pp. 157-178. Banegas, R. (2006), “Côte d’Ivoire: Patriotism, Ethnonationalism and Other African Modes of Self-Writing”, African Affairs 421: 535-552. Federici, S. (2000), “The New African Student Movement”, in Federici, S., G. Caffentzis and O. Alidou (eds.), A Thousand Flowers. Social Struggles against Structural Adjustment in African Universities (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press), pp.87-112. Frederiksen, B.F. (2010), “Mungiki, Vernacular Organization and Political Society in Kenya”, Development and Change 41 (6): 1065-1089. Iteka, C. (2006), “Youth Cultures and the Fetishization of Violence in Nigeria”, Review of African Political Economy” 110: 721-736. Konings, P. (2002), “University Students’ Revolt, Ethnic Militia, and Violence During Political Liberalization in Cameroon”, African Studies Review 45 (2): 179-204. Momoh, A. (2000), “Youth Culture and Area Boys in Lagos”, in in Jega, A. (ed.), Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria (Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute), pp.181-203. Naidoo, P. (2005), “’Constituting the Class’: Neoliberalism and the Student Movement in South Africa”, in Pithouse, R. (ed.), Asinamali. University Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press). Perullo, A. (2005), “Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania”, Africa Today 51 (4): 75-101. Von Hellermann, P. (2010), “The Chief, the Youth and the Plantation: Communal Politics in Southern Nigeria”, Journal of Modern African Studies 48 (2): 259-283. Zeilig, L. and N. Ansell (2008), “Spaces and Scales of African Student Activism: Senegalese and Zimbabwean University Students at the Intersection of Campus, Nation and Globe”, Antipode 40 (1): 31-54. WEEK 10 (June 1) – “Defending the Commons: Social Movements’ Struggles for Environmental Justice and Social Services” 15 REQUIRED Readings Obi, C.I. (2005), Environmental Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. A Political Ecology of Power and Conflict, Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper 15 (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development). Wisner, B. (1995), “Luta, Livelihood and Lifeworld in Contemporary Africa”, in Taylor, B.R. (ed.), Ecological Resistance Movements. The Global Emergence of Radical Popular Environmentalism (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press), pp.177-200. Barnett, C. and D. Scott (2007), “Spaces of Opposition: Activism and Deliberation in PostApartheid Environmental Politics”, Environment and Planning A 39 (11): 2612-2631. Michaelson, M. (1994), “Wangari Maathai and Kenya’s Green Belt Movement: Exploring the Evolution and Potentialities of Consensus Movement Mobilization”, Social Problems 41 (4): 540-561. Yeboah, I. (2006), “Subaltern Strategies and Development Practice: Urban Water Privatization in Ghana”, Geographical Journal 172 (1): 50-65. Greenstein, R. (2006), “Social Rights, Essential Services, and Political Mobilization in PostApartheid South Africa”, Journal of Consumer Policy 29 (4): 417-433. RECOMMENDED Readings Bakker, K. (2007), “The ‘Commons’ Versus the ‘Commodity’: Alter-Globalization, AntiPrivatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South”, Antipode 39 (3): 430-455. Brockington, D. (2005), “The Politics and Ethnography of Environmentalism in Tanzania”, African Affairs 418: 97-116. Cooper, A. (2002), Contending Environmental Discourses: Multilateral Agencies, Social Movements and Water, Water Issues Study Group, Occasional Paper 58 (London: School of Oriental and African Studies). Desai, A. (2003), “Neoliberalism and Resistance in South Africa”, Monthly Review 54 (8). Dodson, B. (2002), “Searching for a Common Agenda: Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice”, in McDonald, D. (ed.), Environmental Justice in South Africa (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press). Mbali, M. (2005), “TAC in the History of Patient-Driven AIDS Activism: The Case for Historicizing South Africa’s New Social Movements”, in Gibson, N. (ed.), Challenging Hegemony. Social Movements and the Quest for a New Humanism in South Africa (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press). Mohamed Salih, M.A. (1999), Environmental Politics and Liberation in Contemporary Africa (Dordrecht: Kluwer). Chapter 6 (“Oromo and Dinka: Conflating Environmental and Liberation Struggle”), pp.101-118. Obi, C. (2009), “Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Understanding the Complex Drivers of Violent OilRelated Conflict”, Africa Development 34 (2): 103-128. 16 Prempeh, E.O.K. (2006), Against Global Capitalism. African Social Movements Confront Neoliberal Globalization (Burlington, VT: Ashgate), pp.125-140 (Chapter 7: “Against Water Privatization: The Struggle Continues”). Root, C., D. Wiley and S. Peek (1999), “Globalization, Democratization and the Environment in the New South Africa: Social Movements, Corporations and the State”, Contributions in Economics and Economic History 211: 213-234. Turner, T. (1997), “Oil Workers and Oil Communities in Africa: Nigerian Women and Grassroots Environmentalism”, Labour, Capital & Society 30 (1): 66-89. Watts, M. (2004), “Violent Environments: Petroleum Conflict and the Political Ecology of Rule in the Niger Delta, Nigeria”, in Peet, R. and M.Watts (eds.), Liberation Ecologies. Environment, Development, Social Movements, second edition (London: Routledge), pp.273-298. 17 GRADES SCALE NOTE: In the following grades scale, “serious factual errors” refers, but is not limited, to mistakes in the meaning of a fundamental concept, confusions between entirely different historical periods, getting the names of people and organizations wrong in a way that modifies the meaning of an argument. “Minor factual errors” refers to, for example, a mistake between two dates separated only by few years, or the slight misspelling of the name of an organization that remains nonetheless recognizable. E (Fail: grade less than 50) = Blank paper, no answer to the question; the paper makes no sense at all and it has no connection whatsoever to the required task. D+ (55-59) or D (50-54) = The paper is very poorly connected to what you are asked to write about, it is very badly written, it substantially lacks clarity, and is very poorly organized. It is difficult to find a coherent, focused argument. The argument is totally descriptive and it is expressed in a totally commonsensical and/or vague way. The paper omits the majority of important issues required to respond to the question. The paper contains four or more serious factual errors. Within these criteria, the award of a D+ grade is awarded to papers with a higher quality of writing, and less serious factual errors. C+ (70-74), C (65-69) or C- (60-64) = The paper adequately answers what you are asked to write on, even if its argument is largely descriptive, it lacks depth, it is generally vague and superficial. The overall argument is not well organized, important points are barely mentioned but not adequately developed. The paper relies overwhelmingly on lecture notes, and it does not show a substantial effort to make use of readings. The language used is largely commonsensical and, even if it is acceptably written, it often lacks clarity and precision. The paper contains two or three serious factual errors. Within these criteria, a C- grade is awarded to papers that are totally vague, substantially unclear and poorly written, OR if they have three serious factual errors. A C grade is awarded to papers that, even if vague and unclear, are somehow acceptably written. A C+ grade is awarded to papers that, apart from being acceptably written, show some attempt to use course readings. Not more than two serious factual errors should be found to receive a C or a C+ grade. 18 B+ (85-89), B (80-84) or B- (75-79) = The paper is still largely descriptive, but it is well written, organized and focused. The paper’s main arguments are precise and well structured. It is not largely commonsensical, but it adequately uses concepts and terminology. It attempts to provide in-depth explanations and it is not merely vague and superficial. Even if it still largely relies on lecture notes, the paper reveals an effective use of materials from the readings. Within these criteria, a B- grade will be awarded to papers that contain one serious factual error. No serious factual errors should be present for the award of a B or a B+ grade, even if there may be minor factual errors. The difference between a B and a B+ grade depends on how effectively, at the discretion of the instructor, the course readings are used. A (95-100) or A- (90-94) = The paper is not descriptive, but it is originally and critically argued in a way that makes clear and pertinent references to concepts used during the course. It does not contain any factual errors. It is excellently written in terms of clarity, focus and structure (even if minor grammar mistakes are allowed). It shows a very good and thorough command of concepts and terminology, and the use of scientific terms is precise and appropriate. The paper combines an effective use of lecture notes with a comprehensive, articulate, creative, and detailed knowledge of course readings. For an A grade it is, moreover, required to make relevant and pertinent examples – citing authors, cases, countries, episodes and so on – to support the majority of the points made in the paper. 19